Carr has written, “The serious historian is the one who recognizes the historically conditioned character of all values, not the one who claims for his own values an objectivity beyond history.” 1Ģ. Check with your instructor if you are uncertain which to use.Ĭ) As E. However, some instructors still prefer Roman numerals. Note: The MLA Handbook recommends the use of Arabic numerals rather than Roman numerals for designating acts and scenes in plays. If a superscript footnote number is used, it follows the period and the quotation marks.Ī) The Portland vase is “blue porcelain,” according to Compson (435).Ĭomma is within the quotation marks the period follows the citation.ī) Macbeth says, “Life's but a walking shadow” (5.5.24).Ĭitation follows the quotation marks period follows the citation.
If a citation in parentheses follows the quotation, the period follows the citation. The final period or comma goes inside the quotation marks, even if it is not a part of the quoted material, unless the quotation is followed by a citation. Also make sure that you place quotation marks correctly with respect to other punctuation marks and with citations.ġ. She knows she is no longer safe: “I feared for my Safety in this wicked House” (28).
If a complete sentence or independent clause precedes the quotation, a colon is the appropriate mark of punctuation. She knows she is no longer safe, saying, “I feared for my Safety in this wicked House” (28).ģ. If the quotation is preceded by a form of a word like say, reply, or answer, that word is followed by a comma. Roosevelt spoke of December 7, 1941, as “a day that will live in infamy.”Ģ. When the quotation is merged into a clause, no punctuation is necessary to divide them. In order to determine how to punctuate the phrase that comes before a quotation, you need to know whether the phase is an independent clause. When citing the same source repeatedly, you can shorten the citation even further to just the author’s name and a page number:Quotations must have appropriate punctuation. If citing two people with the same surname in your work, make sure to include the initial of the person you are citing again as well as their surname. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt & Company, 1983), 13.Ģ. These shortened footnotes should include the author’s surname, a shortened title, and the page(s) cited:ġ. In Chicago footnote referencing, after giving full source information in the first footnote, you can shorten subsequent citations of the same source to prevent repetition. And the Chicago Manual of Style has specific rules for doing this! Here, then, is our guide to repeat citations in Chicago style referencing. If you have a useful source text, you may need to cite it more than once in your work.
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